The Second Chance Act Of 2007 - 939 Words

Introduction The Second Chance Act of 2007 (H.R. 1593) was signed by President George W. Bush in the year 2008. This act is also famous by the name Community Safety through Recidivism Safety. Recidivism became a topic of focus since increasing numbers of inmates started getting let out in the society. The key stakeholders of this act are the society at large, the inmates and especially their families (O Hear, 2007). The Second Chance Act of 2007 can be quoted as â€Å"To reauthorize the grant program for reentry of offenders into the community in the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, to improve reentry planning and implementation, and for other purposes† (Library of Congress, 2008) The main purpose of this act was to ensure that the juvenile and adult offenders and their families are facilitated to reenter the society. The main motive was to increase and improve public safety and at the same time make sure that the increasing population of prison inmates getting reintroduced into society is taken care of (Freudenberg, Daniels, Crum, Perkins, Richie, 2005). Post the passing of legislation, there were a number of issues that were brought up by the opposition. One important point was why the â€Å"inmates† who had obviously committed felonies were given that many benefits. There were arguments that raised concerns about the fact that the felons received more benefits than most of the people working with the United States Military (O Hear, 2007). The fact that theShow MoreRelatedThe Maryland Second Chance Act1163 Words   |  5 PagesCommission on Civil Rights; Meg Ward, Executive Director – Patrick Allison House From: Rachel Harman, Social Work Intern Date: February 15, 2017 Subject: Here’s to Second Chances: Extend the Maryland Second Chance Act to Housing, Not Just Employment The 2015 Maryland Second Chance Act: â€Å"For Employers Only† The Maryland Second Chance Act is a relatively new piece of legislation that authorizes persons to petition the courts to â€Å"shield† conviction records for nonviolent misdemeanors (possession of aRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act881 Words   |  4 PagesWhen someone mentions the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), some would argue that there is no purpose for it. Some believe that the age boundary is inappropriate; some believe that children should not have reduced sentences and special rights; and some may think that a youth’s criminal record should be accessible in the future. 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Business Process in a Hotel Free Essays

Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL MIROSLAV DRLJACA, MSc, Researcher Zagreb Airport, Ltd. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Process in a Hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Zagreb, Croatia METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL UDC 65. 012. 4:640. 4 Preliminary communication Requests of interested parties, amongst which the customer has the central position, are starting points of quality management system that complies with requirements of ISO 9000ff international norms. Regardless of the fact whether we want to arrange hotel management system to meet the requirements of these norms, one should be able to recognize exact requests of interested parties, especially of the customer of services. Correct recognition of these requests presents the beginning of quality system management in a hotel. In order to fulfill the expectations and requests of guest, the management system in a hotel must be developed, documented, implemented and managed in such way to ensure realisation of the actual and foreseen guests’ requests. Function structure of hotel organisation will not be sufficient for a long-run achievement of this goal. Classic structural model of hotel organisation must be upgraded through developed, documented and implemented business processes. In order to run hotel successfully, numerous interrelated activities must be defined and managed. The application of business process systems in the hotel, their definition and interaction, together with the management, can be defined as process approach. Business processes are one of structural elements of hotel management system. If they are not developed, documented and implemented, we can justly ask whether hotel management system is capable of meeting requests of interested parties. For running businesses, as well as hotels, there are three characteristic types of business processes: core business processes, management business processes and support processes. Scientists and experts do not agree about generally accepted methodology of business process modelling. This paper accepts a hypothesis saying that a good methodology is the one which enables managing of business process in a way to ensure the fulfillment of interested parties’ requests, specifically the requests of guest. Key words: process, methodology of business process modelling, process approach. INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that only a small number of hotel industry representatives in Croatia possess ISO 9001 certificate as international confirmation of requested quality level of management system, the idea of quality, as marketing orientation, as business 752 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL philosophy and everyday practice, is more and more existing in hotel industry. Independently of the degree of awareness of hotel management, business processes can be developed in any of the following ways: 1) in a long-established manner – which is based on „know-howâ€Å" of the most important parametres of business processes, with interventions only in situations when reliability of business process is seriously affected, 2) without any control, when in extreme cases the business process develops in completely uncontrollable conditions, 3) in partly controllable conditions â⠂¬â€œ characterized by business process model according to chosen methodology, in conditions which are controlled in the same amount as the basic parametres that define them, and 4) in completely controlled conditions – those business processes whose basic parametres of definition are under complete control. 2 In order to create completely controlled environment for developing of usiness process in a hotel, it is necessary that hotel business processes be: 1) named, 2) described, 3) structurised/organised, 4) controlled, 5) managed, and 6) always improving. In order to fulfil it, hotel business processes need to be conceived, i. e. developed according to chosen methodology. The problem lies in the fact that ISO 9001:2000 norm (Quality Management Systems – Requirements) requires the proof that business processes are managed, but methodology of business processes developing is not being suggested. 3 The choice of methodology, and often its definition, is left to be made by hotel management. 1. DEFINITION OF TERM „PROCESSâ€Å" The word „processâ€Å" evolves from Latin word „procedereâ€Å", which originally means „moveâ€Å" or „go aheadâ€Å". This word form was followed by noun „processusâ€Å", which is translated as „processâ€Å" and means „ †¦ a series of actions, phases or events, development (in any direction or form) and transformation (inputs outputs) of anything that was took under consideration (element, structure, sub-system, system, etc. ). â€Å" 1 2 3 ISO 9001 certificate, international confirmation of requested quality level of management system, acquired the following hotel industry representatives in Croatia: (in 1999: Hotel Excelsior in Dubrovnik, Hotels Maestral – Hotel Komodor in Dubrovnik; in 2000: Vodicanka Tours – Hotel Punta in Vodice, during change of owners did not retain the certificate, and Hotels Argentina in Dubrovnik). Basic parametres of definition of business processes are: a) object of activity (material, information, product, service and similar), b) frequency of operation (continually, sometimes only once, and similar), c) area of activity (state, city, company/organisation, part of company, and similar. ), d) manner of operation (usual, uncontrollable, in partly controllable conditions, in completely controllable conditions). At writing about methodology of business process development the authors avoid presenting final solutions, because methodology of business process development represent intellectual ownership (know how) of the author or consultant. Rare examples in Croatian literature are: Ivan Mamuzic, â€Å"Procesni pristup u sustavu upravljanja kvalitetom†, Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002, p. -4, in which author presents possible methodology of business process development and shows part of diagram of process flow; Miroslav Drljaca, â€Å"Proces kao ishodiste modela ISO 9001:2000†, Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002, p. 5-6, in which the author presents methodology of business process development and shows break-up of one business process; Zivko Kondic, Kvaliteta i ISO 9000, Tiva, Varazdin, 2002; and partly: Nenad Vulic, Sustavi upravljanja kvalitetom, Veleuciliste u Splitu, Split, 2001. Total presentation of methodology of business process development is written in: Nenad Injac i Marko Besker, Metodologija izgradnje poslovnih procesa u sustavu kvalitete, Oskar, Zagreb, 2003. 753 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 1. Process presentation RULES AND CONTROLS INPUT TRANSFORMATION AREA OUTPUT MECHANISMS Process can be also defined as â€Å"a course, evolution or manner through which something was born or transformed, it is a development, a procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 4 HRN EN ISO 8402:1996 norm defines the process as a â€Å"group of mutually independent resources and actions which transform input elements into output elements. †5 Transformation of input elements into output is in fact a transformation of one into the other. Each process thus becomes unique and special. Transformation of input into output is a system of complex interactions of operations and resources. It is a technology. It is â€Å"know how. International norm ISO 9000:2000 defines the process as „group of connected or mutually dependent activities which transform input into results. â€Å"6 The application of process system in a company, its definition and mutual interaction, as well as the management of process system – can be call ed „process approach. â€Å"7 The process approach has the advantage of permanent managing of links between – particular processes (within the process structure), which is the structural element of hotel management system, – and – combination and mutual interaction of these elements. 8 When applied in the hotel quality management system, this process approach underlines the importance of the following: ? understanding and meeting of guest’s requests, need of supervision of business processes in value added conditions; ? achieving results of business processes and their efficiency, and 4 5 6 7 8 Zelimir Domovic, Sime Anic i Nikola Klaic, Rjecnik stranih rijeci, SANI-PLUS, Zagreb, 1998, p. 1163. HRN EN ISO 8402 Quality management and quality assurance – Vocabulary, (ISO 8402:1994; EN ISO 8402:1995), Quadrilingual version. International norm HRN EN ISO 9000:2002 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO 9000:2000, EN ISO 9000:2000), Version quadrilingue, p. 40. International norm HRN EN ISO 9001:2002 Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001:2000, EN ISO 9001:2000), p. 14. Except process structure, structural elements of management system of every company, a hotel as well, are: 1) strategic documents of company (mission, vision, strategy, politics, general and special managerial aims), 2) organisation, 3) resources, 4) partnerships, and 5) communication and notification. 754 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL ? permanent improvement of business processes, based on impartial estimation. Regardless of many possible types of business processes, and many diversities of process structures, all business processes in hotel can be divided into three types: ? management processes, ? core processes, ? support processes. Figure 2. Three types of business processes Management processes Guest’ s request Core business processes Guest’ s satisfaction Support processes Source: Martyn A. Ould, Business Processes, John Wiley Sons Ltd, Chichester, England, UK, 1995, p. 2. Many industries have more than one core or „macroâ€Å" group of business processes, including: management of business system, management of resources, realisation of products and services, measurement and control. 9 Management business processes are important for progress of core business processes, as well as of support process. These are business processes of development, planning, quality management and management of hotel organisation. Because of entirety and directions of their influence onto core business processes – Management business processes are called – vertical processes. Core business processes are focused on the achievement of satisfaction of customers, (buyers/users), i. e. hotel guests. They directly add new value to the product, meaning service. They meet requests of hotel guests and are generator of their 9 Herbert C. Monnich, Jr. , ISO 9001:2000 for Small and Medium Sized Businesses, American Society for Quality, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, 2001, p. 3. 755 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL contentment. Core business processes, processes of fulfillment or realization, are business processes whose result – in form of product or service has direct value confirmation on the market. The plan and the product in their creation are in core business processes strongly integrated. Core business processes are called – horizontal processes. Figure 3. Interactivities of different types of business process Management processes (vertical) Core processes (horizontal) Support processes (vertical) Support processes which are also called logistical or resourceful business processes, are directed towards producing satisfaction of internal users within hotel organisational structure. They are able to create added value for the guest. However, this influence on making added value is indirect and is fulfilled through support of core business processes. Support processes are auxiliary business processes and represent a support to core business processes. With regard to direction of activities onto core business processes, they are also called – vertical processes. Numerous management, core and support processes develop within this process structure simultaneously. They have a series of interactions. Each interaction in certain measure affects the business process result in terms of meeting the guests’ requests. 2. BUSINESS PROCESSES IN A HOTEL „Complete work process of a hotel consists of processes of production activities and service activities. Purpose of production activities is rendering of services which have product characteristics, like: various food, beverages that are specifically prepared, bread, desserts, and similar. Purpose of service activities is providing guests with: accommodation, serving of meals and beverages, entertainment, sale of goods, various handicraft-and-services, laundry washing, ironing, and similar. â€Å"10 „Process contains all activities linked into a chain. It starts with defining of all possible needs a 10 Ivanka Avelini Holjevac, Kontroling – Upravljanje poslovnim rezultatom, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Hotelijerski fakultet Opatija, Opatija, 1998, p. 379. 756 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL guest (tourist, buyer, etc. ) may have during the trip, until return, only with aim that all guests’ needs are met. â€Å" 11 Table 1. Types of business processes in a hotel 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Process of hotel management. Process of planning. Process of development. Process of marketing. Process of quality management. Process of environment management. Process of social responsibility management. Process of security/safety at work management. 1. Process of producing food and beverages which are specifically prepared. 2. Process of serving meals and beverages. 3. Process of reception and accommodation of guests. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Process of human resources management. Process of financial management. Process of infrastructure maintenance. Process of information management. Process of purchase. Process of sale. Management business processes in a hotel. Core business processes in a hotel. Support processes in a hotel. At identifying of business processes in a hotel and dividing them into types, it is necessary to avoid identification of business function and business process in a hotel. Essential differences are at least these that follows: ? business function is static category, while business process is dynamic category, business function is mostly operated within one structural hotel unit, and is usually named after it, while process implies more participants from more structural hotel units, ? business function is operated within hotel, while process can have participants from outside of hotel structural organisation, but who are important for progress of concrete business process, 11 Zdenko Cerovic, Hotelski menadzment, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Fakultet za turisticki i hotelski menadzment Opatija, Opatija, 2003, p. 415. 757 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL ? ? ? . business function is run by functional manager, and process is run by business process manager, and identification of these roles must not be a rule but an exception, business process is one of the possible inner aspects of supervision of costs, quality costs as well, while function is not, due to all these differences, function is a narrower concept than business process. METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT Basic task of hotel management during of business processes development is in fact establishing, directing and describing of events during transformation process of input into output. In order this task could be accomplished, we ust have suita ble methodology of business process development within the quality system. Different companies use dissimilar methodologies. Modelling of methodology in great measure depends on knowledge about quality management. Regardless of which methodology is used by teams who developing business processes, they should remain consistent when they apply it in developing all business processes in a hotel. Hotel management must create its own methodology or choose already existing methodology of business process development. Teams for business process development in practice often encounter the problem of verification of correctness of their own solutions. This paper presents one of the possible approaches. 3. 1. Identification of the process is initial task in business process developing and demands (from the team): naming of the process, appointing of the leader (manager) of business process, defining of its objective(s), defining of input and output requests, description of mechanisms, rules and controls. Afterwards, they must determine outer and inner users of business process results, as well as designate process steps as consisting parts of the business process. 3. 2. Diagram of the context is simple display of business process at the highest level from which an interaction can be seen: rules, controls and mechanisms during transformation of input into output. 3. 3. Display of static model of business process presents logical sequence of process steps development as consisting parts of the business process. This phase of business process development identifies structural units where individual process step develops, and locates control points at which measurements will be performed – and thus manage the business process. 3. 4. Description of the process describes requests that result from requests and needs of guests, then from specifications, norms, regulations, elaborations, methods and resources. Here are also identified requests, objectives and descriptions of their fulfillment, as well as allowed deviations. By defining of allowed deviations we in fact determine the minimum quality level of business process. 758 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 4. Diagram of the context RULES AND CONTROLS GUEST’ S REQUEST PROCESS OF RECEPTION AND ACCOMMODATION OF GUESTS A- 0 GUEST’ S SATISFACTION MECHANISMS 3. 5. Diagram of decomposition of business process is methodologically confirmed graphical representation of the process with all its consisting parts – process steps. It represents logical sequence of process steps development. It specifies input, rules and controls, mechanisms and output of each process step. Diagram of decomposition represents a technology. It shows process of reception and accommodation of guests per process steps that logically develop in sequence. At least one exit from a process step is also an entry into the next. Process steps in the process of reception and accommodation of guests are identified as follows: 759 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 5. Decomposition of process of reception and accommodation of guests Refusal of request Guest’ s request ANALYSIS OF GUEST’ S REQUEST A-01 ACCOMODATION OF GUEST A-03 RECEPTION OF GUEST A-02 Accommodated guest Orders to departments Invoice issued to guest Invoice forwarded to Financ. Dept. HANDLING OF GUEST A-04 Fulfillment of guest’s request CHARGEING AND GREETING OF GUEST A-05 Fulfillment of requests FINAL ACTIVITIES A-06 Reports New process cycle A-0. 1 Analysis of guest’ s request A-0. 2 Reception of guest A-0. 3 Accommodation of guest A-0. 4 Handling of guest A-0. 5 Charging of services and greeting of guest A-0. 6 Final activities 3. 6. Description of process steps must specify input, output, mechanisms, rules and controls of each process step, as well as locate structural hotel unit in which certain process step develops. Also, written procedure is named, if any of process steps should be additionally documented. 3. 7. Presentation of dynamic model of the process is plan of implementation of developed business process into functional structure of organization of the hotel. The plan shows in which structural hotel unit develop activities of each process step, and which unit of organization is responsible for their execution. Making of presentation of dynamic model business process is a precondition of the process organisation itself. 760 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 6. Dynamic model of process of reception and accommodation of guests Partners Financial Division Human Resources Div. Accommodation D. Reception Accommodation Divis. Food bever. Division Commercial Division Controlling Quality Manager Process steps General Manager Structural units Analysis of guest’s request A-01 Reception of guest A-02 Accommodation of guest A-03 Handling of guest A-04 Charging of services and greeting of guest A-05 Final activities A -06 3. 8. Establishing of responsibility for the process is logical continuation of work on business process development. It implies exact establishment of responsibility of concrete executor of individual process step. After establishment of responsibility, the conditions for establishment of management team for concrete process are prepared. Management team is headed by manager of business process. In this way we model process organisation, based on team work. 12 3. 9. Plan of measuring within the process is based on description of business process, i. . defined limits of allowed deviations, up to which business process still shows reliability as one of its crucial characteristics. The plan of measuring defines names of control points where certain measurements will be performed. It also defines target value, allowed deviations and measuring method. By all these measurements, comparisons with target values, and possible application of corrective measures and activities – we manage the business process. 12 Pere Sikavica, â€Å"Procesna i timska organizacija†, Slobodno poduzetnistvo, br. 18/98, Zagreb, 1998, p. 108116. 761 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL 3. 10. Plan of providing information within process is necessary in order to clearly define: which participant of business process provides the information, who receives it, what is its contens, and when is the information sent and received. 3. 11. Making of further process documentation implies writing of procedures for particular process step which definitely needs it, and writing of lower level documents, like work instructions, check lists, plans of corrective measures and activities, etc. CONCLUSION In the audit of quality of hotel management system it is necessary to document and prove the request for business process management. Since this is the requirement of ISO 9001:2000 international norm, and only four representatives of hotel industry in Croatia have certificates related to this international norm, it is justified to ask: which methods were used in hotels to name, describe and organise structural units of business processes, and how were these business processes controlled, managed and constantly improved. In the economy branches, which are the core of tourist industry, the most successful companies, except for food-and-beverages industry, do not have certificates. There is a limited number of companies which possess international certificates, amongst which are: retail trading, hotel industry, road transport and manufacture of furniture. Therefore, repeatedly, the question is put: can we create development strategy for Croatian tourism without developed strategy of these economy branches that realise part of revenue resulting from tourists’ expenses. There are no ready universal solutions. Imitating of another company’s solutions or adoptions of lesser adjustments of these solutions as their own optimum solutions are – delusions, and in practice will be causing entropy. Every business process is different. It can even have the same name, same number and same names of process steps, same inputs and outputs, but still there are no identical business processes. Differences and originalities are happening in the interaction of inputs and outputs, rules, and controls, as well as mechanisms in each process step – in the area of transformation of inputs into outputs. In the context of quality management systems we may conclude that ISO 9001:2000 international norm does not suggest methodology of business process development, but demands the proof that business processes are being managed. It can be concluded that every methodology of business process developing is satisfactory, if it can prove the management of processes. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Avelini Holjevac, Ivanka, Kontroling – Upravljanje poslovnim rezultatom, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Hotelijerski fakultet Opatija, Opatija, 1998. Cerovic, Z. , Hotelski menadzment, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Fakultet za turisticki i hotelski menadzment Opatija, Opatija, 2003. Domovic, Z. , Anic S. i N. Klaic, Rjecnik stranih rijeci, SANI-PLUS, Zagreb, 1998. Drljaca, M. , „Proces kao ishodiste modela ISO 9001:2000â€Å", Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002. Drljaca, M. , „Konzistentnost kvalitete i poslovne uspjesnosti u Hrvatskojâ€Å", Zbornik radova 7. Simpozija Hrvatskog drustva menadzera kvalitete Kvaliteta nas izbor za buducnost, Oskar, Zagreb, Sibenik, 2005. 762 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. HRN EN ISO 8402 Quality management and quality assurance – Vocabulary, (ISO 8402:1994; EN ISO 8402:1995), Quadrilingual version. International norm HRN EN ISO 9000:2002 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO 9000:2000, EN ISO 9000:2000), Version quadrilingue. International norm HRN EN ISO 9001:2002 Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001:2000, EN ISO 9001:2000). Injac, N. i M. Besker, Metodologija izgradnje poslovnih procesa u sustavu kvalitete, Oskar, Zagreb, 2003. Kondic, Z. , Kvaliteta i ISO 9000, Tiva, Varazdin, 2002. Mamuzic, I. , „Procesni pristup u sustavu upravljanja kvalitetomâ€Å", Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002. Monnich C. H. , Jr. , ISO 9001:2000 for Small and Medium Sized Businesses, American Society for Quality, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, 2001. Ould A. M. , Business Processes, John Wiley Sons Ltd, Chichester, England, UK, 1995. Sikavica, P. , â€Å"Procesna i timska organizacija†, Slobodno poduzetnistvo, Broj 18, Zagreb, 1998. Vulic, N. , Sustavi upravljanja kvalitetom, Veleuciliste u Splitu, Split, 2001. 763 How to cite Business Process in a Hotel, Essay examples

Leadership and Governance

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Governance. Answer: Introduction Leadership in the modern business world constantly challenges leaders of organizations and their abilities. Most famous leaders used to face challenges that rise themselves to another level. These challenges usually test leaders and help themselves in improving the skills that will contribute to accomplishing the predefined goals set by individuals or organizational goals. The essay focuses on challenges of leadership faced by modern managers of organizations. There are different types of problems that can be categorized into three groups such as external, internal and individual leadership challenges. Apart from the challenges, many issues in leadership are discussed in the essay such as factors that are responsible for creating problems among leaders in their field of their operations. Recommendations to the leaders of different organizations are also provided to cope up their situations in the challenges of leadership. A period of instability or a change is witnessed by the leader s when they implement new strategies in their teams or organizations. Despite formulating new strategies, theoretical frameworks are also described that will help managers in coping up with situations that are creating a negative impact on the team. Many reasons have given birth to many challenges to the leaders of the world. The fundamental premises of leadership in the business world at its core will never change. Leaders are present since from the ancient period. There is a need for individuals that are responsible for encouragement, motivation, and inspiration of the team members that are working together towards a common objective. However, the working environment where leaders and workers are expected in accomplishing the goals has transformed in recent years. They need to cope up with the changed environment to navigate the modern business competitive world (Christensen et al., 2014). Lack of keeping them with technology, changing demographics and globalization, poor understanding of motivations and customer needs, and inefficient choice and information availability are the reasons of challenges of leaders. At lightning speed, technology is developing and utilizing it in business mechanisms. The technologies and latest to ols that had evolved a few years ago are now obsolete. Business leaders find many difficulties while keeping themselves updated about every change. Otherwise, they have to face problems in team management. Young team performers are trained in the usage of different technologies. It is necessary for the leaders to have a clear understanding of the various methods of business operations. The Internet has opened the doors of many global business opportunities in different sectors. The increasingly global nature of the economy, i.e. introduction of free trade has helped multinational companies to penetrate untapped markets. Leaders who are not aware of the updated economic growth are bound to have lacked knowledge. They will face problems in managing their teams. However, there is a massive shift of demographics are prevalent in many countries. Spending nature and disposable income of generation Y are increasing day by day. For increased productivity, all the external factors are needed to be understood for proper team management (Singh, 2015). In many cases, odd choices and information may misguide leaders for choosing their form of leadership in a particular team. It is one of the reasons of facing leadership challenges. Apart from having different external issues of management, many internal aspects are causing hindrances to leaders in practicing their form of leade rship. Companies are focused on the productivity. Apart from these activities, organizations must focus on the benefits of the employees. It would result to effective team performance. The nature and mindset of employees are the factors of leadership issues in organizations. Without having proper knowledge about the characteristics of the team members, leaders cannot lead his team properly. Lack of communication is the cause of the main issues within the team. Communication problem can also result in a lack of understanding of the needs of the customers (Chhokar et al., 2013). Miscommunication with the different departments of the organization will lead to improper guidance to the team members There are different types of challenges that leaders of organizations are witnessing in their daily official activities. The problems can be categorized into three groups such as external, internal and individual reasons. Apart from external challenges of leadership is the result of external market issues such as forces from the opposition, interpersonal problems, lack of funding, etc. however, there are other factors of political, social and economic factors that can affect organizations in a larger perspective. A success of a leader depends on the ability of handling issues both inside and outside the team i.e. major and minor annoyances. A successful leader will be able to handle every issue with constant succession with taking advantages of the opportunities (Camm, 2016). There are some situations where leaders face external challenges in practicing leadership in the teams. When something new thing is about to start is one of the causes of a rise of external challenges. It goes w ith when things are ending. Another reason includes tough times and in transitions. Beginning of a new intervention or trying something different in a module lead to problems among the team. Lack of communication among the team members leads to lower productivity and acceptance of new approach. Relationships and systems break without the guidance of a proper leader (Frost, 2016). However, if a new system is introduced in an organization, then at the time of conclusion a close knit is required. Many times, it is missing. Leaders usually are known for its problem solving and excellent leadership skills. Followers and team members in tough situations expect their team leader or other leaders of the firm to address the problem. The ways in which usually a leader solves severe cases in hid a field of operations are defusing attacks, reducing expenses, proper investment of money, etc. Crises, public criticisms, opposition from powerful forces, flare up in the field of others interpersonal skills, political or financial windfall and collaboration are the lists of external leadership challenges faced by global leaders. Internal challenges include lack of decisiveness, the inability of being objective, the failure of directing others, defensiveness, insecurity, etc. The team members may feel uncertainty about the task they are delegated by the leader (Pechlaner et al., 2014). In many cases, it is very hard for a leader in the decision-making process. Many factors affect the decision making process. Irreversi ble decisions cause adverse impacts on the subject matter of the decision. Real leadership can create the positive effects on people both in organizations and in society as a whole. Sometimes, leaders are failed to motivate people despite providing motivation to its followers. Apart from this, it is also necessary to drive the head so that he can perform the duties and responsibilities in a responsible way. There are many role models of leadership which are followed by executives of companies that help them in solving the challenges of the organizational level (Ramirez, 2014). Many theories of leadership are implemented by corporate leaders in their firms to develop the minds of people resulting in increased performance of the project. The principles of leadership that are described in the essay for the benefit of the managers are Great Man Theory, Trait Theory, Behavioral theories, transactional leadership theories, etc. Great Man theory is a type of leadership theory that is evolved in the 19th century. Earlier it was not identified scientifically that combination of human characteristics is responsible for identification of exceptional leaders. As the name of the theory suggests, the features or traits of a person are intrinsic. They are inborn characteristics. According to this theory, leadership qualities are born from the time of birth. The theory of Great Man is proposed by Thomas Carlyle. Herbert Spencer in 1860 added some propaganda to the theory that leads it to a new dimension. Another theory is trait theory (Ofoegbu et al., 2013). As per the th eory, human beings either born with some specific traits or they can gather few features that will help them to excel in the field of leadership. Creativity, sense of responsibilities, intelligence, etc. are the characters that will encourage a person to put in the shoes of an exceptional leader. The theory emphasizes on analyzing physical, mental and social characteristics while gaining a deeper understanding of patterns and traits that are already present in a successful global organizational leader. Behavioral theories usually focus or emphasize on the behavioral characteristics of a person. The behavior of a person depends on many factors such as mental, social or physical characteristics. However, with the invention of psychometrics, behavioral psychologists can analyze the features by factor analysis (Gentry Eckert, 2012). It can help in enhancing the effect of relationship on particular traits of human beings. As per this theory, leaders are made not born. Another theory of Transactional leadership emphasizes the relationship between leaders and the followers. The transaction between leaders and followers are Modern managers can apply these methods in their workplace based on their needs. It illustrates a theoretical framework that values mutually beneficial and positive relationship. The theories of transactional leadership are found to be very effective. It results in the provision of benefits of high motivation (McCleskey, 2014). Here, the leaders at the organizational level find a way to encourage the followers. They have to customize the theoretical frameworks according to the needs of the organization. However, the transactional leaders are proven to be more efficient as they develop an environment of mutual reinforcement to accomplish the goals of the organization (Miner, 2015). The theorists of transactional leadership style stated that in general human beings are seeking in maximizing the good experiences while diminishing up the unpleasurable experiences. An associated theory of Leader-member Exchange theory (LMX) is related to the transactional method. Three stages are developed in LMX theory are an organizational stage, role development, and leader- led relationship (Das, 2015). Managers and executives of multinational corporations in many perspectives face many issues in managing teams and their performances. The theoretical models of leadership on its implication will help the managers to solve the problems from the base. Team members or the followers of the leaders must have an exceptional relationship with the leaders. On following theories of transactional leadership in the practical field, the executives of the firm will be able to resolve the conflicts between the followers and team leaders (Solansky et al., 2015). Proper customization of the theoretical frameworks of Great Man theory, behavioral theories, and transactional theories can yield to solve the challenges faced in the perspective of leadership in multinational corporations. It can also be used in small, medium enterprises and other societal leaders in the development of the community as a whole (Arnold Loughlin, 2013). External challenges of leadership can be mitigated by being creative, proactive, facing conflict squarely, retaining objectivity, looking for common ground, opportunities for collaborating, etc. On the contrary, internal challenges can be solved by listening, asking for 360-degree feedback, looking around you, reaching out in facing the internal challenges. The only deficit of leadership is improved by sharing the burden, taking time for the person, mutual support with one another, creating mechanisms for reviewing the vision (Washington et al., 2014). Apart from that, leaders can develop many leadership skills that will help in practicing an effective form of leadership in the particular organization. Among the different type of leadership styles, participative, democratic and situational leadership can be used that will help in the development of employee relations in an organization. Participative leadership will help in the inclusion of the team members in the decision making pro cess (Kumar et al., 2014). Ultimately, it will lead to more cooperation among the leaders and the followers. It will also enhance the corporation to support innovation among the employees. Innovation is the vital aspect of differentiation among the available products and service in the market. Innovation is practiced by most of the famous companies in the global market to create an innovative effect in the market. Leadership is indirectly related to many parts of the business operations. Situational leadership is the most traditional form of leadership that is used by famous leaders to solve the issues of the organizations they are associated in. It is a command that changes according to the nature of the situations (Burris et al., 2013). The information about the challenges of leadership and the factors that hinder global leaders to perform their work in their workplaces is very useful for managers and other executives of companies. Leaders are present not only in organizations but also in society as a whole. The essay will help different types of leaders to identify their weaknesses. Every person has both pros and cons. great personalities sometimes need to motivate themselves to encourage leadership among the team (Tyssen et al., 2013). Many organizations are successful in the marketplace in developing and promoting leadership among the junior and senior executives. The information that is provided in the essay covers many topics of leaderships that are vital in the practical field. Challenges that are described in the article will help potential leaders to avoid the mistakes in their daily work. Many types of factors that are responsible for creating hindrances in the field of leadership in organizations (Spector, 2014). Both social and organizational leaders will be benefitted by avoiding themselves from the occurrence of the common mistakes of leaders. The overcoming challenge is a vital aspect that leaders must accomplish to achieve success in the organization. The argument that is raised at the global level regarding problems and issues of world leaders are explained in this study. Suggestions are provided to the organizational leaders for improving their performances and encouragement of leaderships in the firms they are associated into (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). Information is provided on the global level so that they will be able to gain a thorough understanding of vast arrays of issues on a global scale. The essay is about leadership practices and its challenges faced by organizational leaders. The study describes an array of topics related to the failure of leadership practices by many leaders in organizations. Types of problems along with the factors of causing the issues are discussed in an elaborate manner. Thorough research on the various topics of leadership is explained in the perspectives of theoretical models of leaderships are mentioned in the essay. Managers of enterprises on the proper implication of theoretical frameworks of leadership will help in the improved performance of individual as well as in groups. Finally, it will assist the firm in developing leadership not only in the senior level of managers but also among the junior level of employees. Recommendations are also provided to the leaders apart from theoretical models to cope up with the situation that are creating hindrances in managing leadership issues at the organizational level. Many types of leadership st yles and leadership skills are described in details to help the executives and managers to select proper form of leadership style in managing teams. Successful business global leaders in their organizations use the techniques are transformational, democratic, participative, autocratic, situational, laissez-faire, etc. References Arnold, K. A., Loughlin, C. (2013). Integrating transformational and participative versus directive leadership theories: Examining intellectual stimulation in male and female leaders across three contexts.Leadership Organization Development Journal,34(1), 67-84. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (2013). Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership.Transformational and charismatic leadership: the road ahead. 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